What credit card processing costs small businesses in 2026

Key findings

• 3.54%: BlueFinch client benchmark, as of August 2026. Unweighted average all-in rate of about 300 client merchants, measured on their previous processors' statements. Evidence: BlueFinch first-party data.
• $198.25B: US credit and debit card fees, 2025. Nilson data as reported by the Merchants Payments Coalition, up from $187.2B in 2024. Evidence: Advocacy group citing Nilson.
• 2.36%: Average fee on Visa and Mastercard credit cards, 2025. Pooled, credit only. A different measure from the BlueFinch benchmark. Evidence: Advocacy group citing Nilson.
• 0.47% / 1.21%: Debit interchange, covered vs exempt issuers, 2024. Federal Reserve: covered $0.23 vs exempt $0.51 per transaction; all debit 0.73%. Evidence: Government measured.
• 75.8% / 67.3%: Card share of consumer purchases, October 2025. By number / by value, credit plus debit plus prepaid (Atlanta Fed diary). Evidence: Government survey.
• 3%: Visa's cap on credit card surcharges. Lower of the merchant's cost or 3%. Debit and prepaid cards cannot be surcharged. Evidence: Law or official guidance.

The 3.54% BlueFinch client benchmark, defined

As of August 2026, the BlueFinch Advisors client benchmark is a 3.54% all-in effective processing rate. It is the unweighted average of the effective rates for about 300 BlueFinch client merchants, using statements from their previous processors before switching to BlueFinch. Each merchant's rate divides total processor-assessed fees (every statement fee, across all card types) by settled card sales.

Formula: each merchant's total processor-assessed fees / that merchant's settled card sales, then the unweighted average across about 300 merchants.

• Merchants: About 300 BlueFinch client merchants (merchants who signed with BlueFinch).
• Statements: Each merchant's statements from before switching to BlueFinch. They show what the merchant paid its previous processor, not what BlueFinch merchants pay.
• Each merchant's rate: Total processor-assessed fees (every fee on the statement, all card types) divided by settled card sales.
• Average: Unweighted: each merchant counts once, whatever its card volume. This page does not report a median or a volume-weighted (pooled) rate for the same merchants.
• Date: As of August 2026. First published August 12, 2026.
• Not a random sample. It covers merchants who chose to work with BlueFinch.
• Not a national average.
• Not a credit-only rate. It includes every card type on the statement.
• This is not a guaranteed result or a promise of savings. Your rate depends on your pricing model, card mix, ticket size, sales channel, and fixed fees.
• BlueFinch Advisors is compensated when merchants switch processors.
• BlueFinch has reviewed more than 1,100 merchant processing statements through its online quote tool. Only signed clients are included in the 3.54% benchmark, not everyone who submitted a statement.

Why 3.54% and 2.36% are different measures

The 2.36% figure reported by the Merchants Payments Coalition from Nilson data is the 2025 average fee on Visa and Mastercard credit cards. It pools US credit-card volume into one figure, giving every dollar equal weight, so large merchants dominate. It excludes debit and other card brands. The BlueFinch figure gives each merchant equal weight and includes all card types and every statement fee. Nilson does not publish whether its definition covers interchange alone or also includes network fees. The two numbers measure different things and cannot be used interchangeably.

What US merchants paid to accept cards in 2025

The Merchants Payments Coalition is a merchant lobby group. These are Nilson figures as it reports them. Nilson's full fee tables are paywalled.

The release does not define whether the 2.36% covers interchange alone or interchange plus network fees.

Nilson's volume includes private-label cards. The calculated ratios give a rough sense of scale, not the effective rate any merchant pays.

Debit interchange and the Regulation II cap

A circulating summary calls 0.73% the regulated debit average. In the Federal Reserve table, 0.73% is the average for all debit transactions. Covered (regulated) transactions averaged 0.47%. The Fed has not yet posted 2025 data.

Visa's published interchange and a $40 sale

Visa: "Merchants do not pay interchange reimbursement fees; merchants pay 'merchant discount' to their financial institution."

The interchange rows are bank-to-bank list prices, before network fees and processor markup. Under flat-rate pricing, a regulated debit card carrying about 0.60% interchange on a $40 sale costs the merchant the same 2.6% + 15 cents as a premium rewards card.

Published flat-rate list prices

Published list prices checked in October 2026. They are starting prices, not complete quotes or market averages, and monthly software, hardware, and other fees vary.

What is known about small merchants

No current Federal Reserve, CFPB, GAO, or FTC publication reports a measured all-in effective processing rate broken out by merchant size. The only size-specific all-in survey found is from 2009.

The Kansas City Fed explains that small merchants often choose a flat-rate fee structure, while large merchants typically opt for interchange-plus pricing. Its recurring compilation also warns that some networks give some large merchants rates below the published schedule.

A given merchant's effective rate therefore depends on its pricing model, card mix, ticket size, sales channel, and fixed fees.

How customers pay

The data comes from three-day diaries in October 2025. Cards accounted for two-thirds of consumer payments by number and just over 36% by value. The purchases table is more useful for merchants: the all-payments table also includes bills paid by bank account number and online bill pay.

Credit is the costliest card type to accept and accounts for the largest share of purchase value. This helps explain the economics of cash-discount programs. It is an inference from the data, not a measurement of any merchant's revenue.

The consumer diary tells us how consumers pay, not how much of a particular merchant's revenue comes from cards. No public source measures card share of small-business revenue.

Card share by merchant category (BlueFinch tabulation of Fed diary data)

BlueFinch researchers grouped payments in the Atlanta Fed's public transaction-level 2025 diary file using its merchant codes; the codebook is linked. The calculations count payments only and use individual weights, with daily-weight results in parentheses. Standard errors were not calculated, and the Atlanta Fed does not publish these cross-tabulations. The building contractor, plumber, electrician and HVAC category contained only 104 sample payments, too few to publish.

Surcharge and cash-discount rules

A surcharge adds a fee to the posted price. A cash discount, or dual price, lowers a posted card price for customers who pay another way. Federal law protects discounts; card network rules and state laws police surcharges.

Rules reviewed October 2, 2026. Not legal advice. Surcharge and discount rules vary by state and card network and change often; confirm current requirements with your processor and a lawyer.

State surcharge and pricing rules

Visa also names Minnesota, New Jersey, and Puerto Rico as prohibiting or regulating surcharges; those rules were not researched for this report. Nevada statutes were not examined.

Regulation II litigation and the Visa/Mastercard settlement

Rules reviewed October 2, 2026. Not legal advice. Surcharge and discount rules vary by state and card network and change often; confirm current requirements with your processor and a lawyer.

General auto repair (NAICS 811111)

Census measures receipts for employer establishments (businesses with payroll). Receipts figures are means, not medians. "Las Vegas" is the Las Vegas-Henderson-North Las Vegas metro area (CBSA 29820), which is Clark County.

Conflict: the 2025 and 2026 PartsTech surveys disagree (most common repair order band $500 to $749 in 2025, $250 to $499 in 2026) despite rising repair prices. Both are self-selected samples, so neither is an industry average.

Auto body and collision (NAICS 811121)

Census excludes dealer-owned body shops, which it classifies under dealerships.

Conflict: collision market size. CCC estimates about $55 billion a year in repairs (2022); Census measures $45.9 billion for employer body shops (2022, excluding dealer body shops); IBISWorld models $67.7 billion for 2026, including businesses without employees. This report uses the Census figure and shows the others for context.

CCC's 2026 report says lower-severity claims are increasingly treated as optional consumer purchases as deductibles rise. A growing card-paid share at pickup is a fair inference, but no source measures it.

Window tint, vehicle wraps and paint protection film

Census NAICS 811122 covers establishments "replacing, repairing, and/or tinting automotive vehicle glass," so tint shops are counted with windshield replacement. No official NAICS index entry for vinyl wraps or paint protection film was found. Any count of wrap or PPF shops is an estimate.

Market-research "market size" estimates for tint and wrap film disagree widely and measure film material, not installed services, so they are not published here.

HVAC (NAICS 238220, combined with plumbing)

Census does not separate HVAC from plumbing. Every government figure below covers plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors.

Conflict: some secondary sites cite $297.6 billion in 2022 receipts; SUSB shows $306.3 billion for the same establishment and employee counts. This report uses SUSB.

ServiceTitan's $17,040 and Angi's $7,500 differ largely by scope; ServiceTitan says lower online figures often reflect a single-component replacement. Service tickets run in the hundreds of dollars and replacements in five figures.

Medical spas (no NAICS code)

The 2022 NAICS index has no medical spa entry; day spas index to 812199. Federal statistics cannot count med spas. The only industry-wide figures come from the American Med Spa Association's owner survey, which does not publish state or city data.

AmSpa's own materials are inconsistent: a CEO quote says "more than 11,000" med spas against 10,488 in the summary; 10,488 locations x $1.40 million is about $14.7 billion, against AmSpa's "$17 billion" industry headline; 245 visits x $527 x 12 is about $1.55 million, against the $1.40 million average revenue (derived). These are survey means from different respondent sets.

The government proxy understates med spa economics, because NAICS 812199 mixes day spas, tattoo parlors, and other personal services.

Independent retail (NAICS 44-45)

"Independent retail" has no official definition. The closest measured proxy is a firm-size cut from Statistics of U.S. Businesses.

What no public source measures

• All-in effective rate by merchant size or industry: No government source publishes it. The only size-specific all-in survey found is from 2009 (GAO-10-45).
• Card share of small-business revenue: Not measured publicly. Consumer diary shares describe how consumers pay, not a merchant's revenue mix.
• Payment mix in auto repair, collision, wrap and tint, and HVAC: Not measured. Auto repair is not separable in the Fed diary, and the HVAC sample is too small.
• Wrap and paint protection film market size and shop counts: No NAICS code. Market-research estimates conflict and measure film material, not installed services.
• Google review norms by industry: No method-documented study was found.
• Small-business software spend: No credible, method-documented figure exists.
• Med spa counts from government; Nevada and Las Vegas med spa counts: Not published. AmSpa does not report state data.
• Average independent-shop repair order: Opt-in surveys only.
• Visa and Mastercard assessment and network fee schedules: Not publicly posted by the networks.

Where sources conflict

• "Regulated debit averages 0.73%": 0.73% is the all-debit average. Covered (regulated) debit averaged 0.47% in 2024.
• Scope of Nilson's 2.36%: Interchange only or including network fees is not stated. Shown as "definition not published."
• PartsTech 2025 vs 2026 repair order bands: $500 to $749 (44%) vs $250 to $499 (42%). Both shown as opt-in surveys; no average.
• Collision market size: CCC about $55B (2022) vs Census $45.9B (2022) vs IBISWorld $67.7B (2026). Census used; scope explained.
• HVAC receipts, 2022: SUSB $306.3B vs a secondary $297.6B. SUSB used.
• AmSpa location count and revenue: 10,488 vs "more than 11,000"; derived $14.7B vs "$17B"; derived $1.55M vs $1.40M. Shown as survey means with the inconsistency noted.
• Visa/Mastercard settlement status: A "court approves" headline vs preliminary approval only. Shown as preliminary; final approval pending.
• Oklahoma surcharging: Visa's February 2024 list says prohibited; the statute permits capped surcharges since November 1, 2025. The statute is cited.
• Regulation II cap: Vacated in North Dakota (stayed) vs "lawful and reasonable" in Kentucky. Shown as in force pending the Eighth Circuit appeal.

Methodology

Research cut-off: October 2, 2026. Each public figure was taken from the source linked beside it, with its publisher, publication date, and data period. Federal statistical tables were read from the Census Bureau's published tables and files and the Bureau of Labor Statistics' data series.

Every figure carries an evidence label. A published rate table is a list price, not a measured cost. A survey is only as representative as its sample, and the sponsor is named. Derived figures are arithmetic by BlueFinch's researchers from the cited inputs, with the formula shown.

Census receipts figures are averages (means) for employer establishments, not medians. The latest Economic Census is 2022 and the latest County Business Patterns retrieved is 2023.

When sources conflict, both are shown or the figure is left out. Figures the research could not verify against a primary source are not published; they are listed below.

The BlueFinch benchmark section explains which clients are included, how they were selected, the formula, the type of average and the date. BlueFinch's conflict of interest appears beside the number.

• BlueFinch first-party data: BlueFinch's own statement analysis. Not a random sample. BlueFinch is compensated when merchants switch processors.
• Government measured: Federal statistical agency or Federal Reserve data from administrative records or mandatory collections, such as Census County Business Patterns or the Fed's Regulation II data.
• Government survey: A Federal Reserve survey or diary of consumers, such as the Atlanta Fed Diary of Consumer Payment Choice.
• Federal Reserve research: A Federal Reserve economist's analysis of published fee schedules or Fed data.
• Published rate table: A card network's own published schedule. It is a list price for a bank-to-bank fee, not what any merchant actually pays.
• Law or official guidance: A statute, regulation, court filing, card-network rule document, or official agency or attorney general guidance.
• Law, via secondary summary: A legal rule or court event known here through a law firm, trade association, or news summary of the primary document.
• Advocacy group citing Nilson: Figures from The Nilson Report (a paid trade publication) as published by the Merchants Payments Coalition, a merchant lobby group.
• Trade publication: The Nilson Report's free public preview.
• Trade or vendor survey: A self-selected survey run by a trade association or vendor. The sponsor is named. It is not a probability sample.
• Advocacy group survey: A survey commissioned or run by an interest group. The sponsor is named.
• Vendor data: A vendor's published list price, platform data, claims data, or cost guide. Not nationally representative unless the vendor says so.
• Company filing: An SEC filing or earnings release.
• Consultant or association estimate: A modeled or estimated figure from a consultant or association, not a measurement.
• Derived arithmetic: Arithmetic by BlueFinch's researchers from the cited figures. The formula is shown.
• Secondary report: A news, vendor, or law-firm report of a primary source that was not itself retrieved.

Left out until verified

• Mastercard interchange tables: the primary 2026-2027 PDF could not be retrieved; only a processor's undated reproduction was available.
• Mastercard's surcharge cap: the primary FAQ could not be retrieved.
• Visa and Mastercard assessment and network fee percentages: seen only in vendor summaries.
• Visa's Small Merchant program threshold: its reference period needs a recheck.
• NFIB survey percentages: taken from search extraction, not NFIB's own report.
• Federal Reserve Business Payments Study percentages: read from poorly extracted chart text.
• IBISWorld's window tint services estimate: implausibly small next to Census counts.
• The state auto repair labor-rate table published by AAA from World Population Review: no method, and it contradicts survey data.
• Clover, Heartland, and other processor list prices: not collected in the underlying research notes.

How to cite this report

BlueFinch Advisors. (2026). 2026 Credit Card Processing Cost Report for Small Businesses (version 2, updated October 2, 2026). https://bluefinchadvisors.com/research/credit-card-processing-cost-report

Add the date you accessed the page. When quoting the 3.54% figure, include its definition: the unweighted average of about 300 BlueFinch client merchants' all-in rates on their previous processors' statements, as of August 2026.

Changelog

• 2026-10-02 (version 2): Updated with current public data (Nilson 2025 fees via the Merchants Payments Coalition, Federal Reserve Regulation II 2024 data and 2023 debit report, Atlanta Fed October 2025 payment diary, Visa's April 2026 interchange schedule, Kansas City Fed 2025 research) and expanded the methodology: the full 3.54% definition, selection and conflict-of-interest disclosures, evidence labels, surcharge and cash-discount rules, six industry panels, data gaps, conflicts, and a one-row-per-figure CSV. Replaced the earlier Tekmetric repair-order, CCC Q4 2025, GAO 2025, and Federal Reserve 2024-diary figures with the sources above. The earlier sample-data design preview page was retired and now redirects to this report.
• 2026-08-12 (version 1): First published with the 3.54% BlueFinch client benchmark, public pricing examples, automotive and med spa industry data, a cost calculator, and a downloadable source table.

Corrections

If you spot an error, send the page URL, the figure and your source through the contact page or to contact@bluefinchadvisors.com. BlueFinch checks the source and records material corrections in the changelog.

Use the research without losing its context

Download the source table and a short reference sheet with the benchmark definition, citation and reuse terms. Keep the evidence label and data period beside each figure.

Processing cost exposure calculator

Enter your monthly revenue, card share, effective rate, and net profit margin in the live report. See your monthly card sales, monthly and annualized costs, the share of your entered profit taken by fees, and the extra sales needed to cover them.

Download the report source data as CSV.

BlueFinch Dataset Reuse Terms, version 1.0

You may quote, copy, and adapt the downloadable BlueFinch source table and BlueFinch original calculations with clear attribution to BlueFinch Advisors and a link to this report. This permission does not cover third-party source pages, names, trademarks, or underlying materials, which remain subject to their publishers' terms. Do not present the 3.54% BlueFinch client benchmark as a national average or a guaranteed result.

Industry source table

Original sources

• Merchants Payments Coalition, Credit and Debit Card 'Swipe' Fees Reach Record $198.25 Billion (citing The Nilson Report) (2026-03-18): 2025 US card fee totals and the 2.36% Visa and Mastercard credit average (advocacy-reported Nilson data)
• The Nilson Report, Merchant Processing Fees in the United States, 2025 (Issue 1303, free preview) (2026-03): 2025 US card purchase volume and credit share of volume
• Federal Reserve Board, Regulation II: Average Debit Card Interchange Fee by Payment Card Network (data revised June 10, 2025) (2025-06-10): 2024 covered and exempt debit interchange; the current Regulation II cap
• Federal Reserve Board, 2023 Interchange Fee Revenue, Covered Issuer Costs, and Covered Issuer and Merchant Fraud Losses Related to Debit Card Transactions (2025-12): 2023 debit interchange totals, network fees, merchant fraud share, and cap-versus-cost findings
• Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City (Fumiko Hayashi), Debit Card Interchange Fees Charged to Small Merchants After Regulation II, Economic Review (2025-03-27): Small-merchant debit interchange after Regulation II and flat-rate pricing
• Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Credit and Debit Card Interchange Fees Assessed to Merchants in the United States, August 2025 Update (2025-08): Caveat that some large merchants receive rates below the published schedule
• U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO-10-45, Credit Cards: Rising Interchange Fees Have Increased Costs for Merchants (2009-11): The only size-specific all-in rate survey found (2009) and the definition of the merchant discount fee
• Visa, Visa USA Interchange Reimbursement Fees (rates effective April 18, 2026) (2026-04-18): Published Visa interchange rates and the $40 sale examples
• Visa, Interchange and merchant fees for small businesses (current): The difference between bank-to-bank interchange and the merchant's price
• Square, Learn about Square fees (checked 2026-10): Published flat-rate prices
• Stripe, Stripe pricing (checked 2026-10): Published flat-rate prices
• Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 2025 Survey and Diary of Consumer Payment Choice: Summary Results, Research Data Report No. 26-1 (2026-05): October 2025 payment shares by number and value, average purchase size, adoption
• Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Diary of Consumer Payment Choice 2025 tables (Table 9b) (2026): Card share of purchases by number and value; average in-person purchase
• Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Diary of Consumer Payment Choice 2025 public transaction file (CSV) (2026): BlueFinch researchers' tabulation of payment method by merchant category
• Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Diary of Consumer Payment Choice 2025 data codebook (2026): Merchant category codes used in the tabulation
• Federal Reserve Financial Services, 2026 Findings from the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice (2026-05-11): Cash use, monthly credit and debit payments, and preferred in-person payment method, 2016 and 2025
• Cornell Legal Information Institute, 15 U.S.C. 1693o-2 (Durbin Amendment) (current): Federal protection for discounts, the $10 credit minimum, and the Regulation II exemption threshold
• Cornell Legal Information Institute, 15 U.S.C. 1666f (Truth in Lending Act section 167) (current): Card issuers may not prohibit cash discounts
• Visa, U.S. Merchant Surcharge Q and A, Version 02152024 (2024-02-15): Visa's credit-only surcharge cap, disclosure rules, and cash-discount display rule
• ArentFox Schiff, Visa Reduces Its Merchant Surcharge Cap to 3% Effective April 15, 2023 (2023): Effective date of Visa's 3% cap
• Massachusetts Legislature, M.G.L. c.140D section 28A (current): Massachusetts credit surcharge ban
• Justia, Conn. Gen. Stat. section 42-133ff (2025) (2025): Connecticut surcharge ban
• Maine Legislature, 9-A M.R.S. section 8-509 (current): Maine credit and debit surcharge ban
• Oklahoma Legislature, Enrolled SB 677 (2025) (2025): Oklahoma credit surcharge cap effective November 1, 2025
• Justia, C.R.S. 5-2-212 (2024): Colorado surcharge cap (statute text not verified)
• Frascona, Joiner, Goodman and Greenstein, Colorado now allows credit card surcharges (undated): Secondary summary of the Colorado cap
• New York State Senate, General Business Law section 518 (revised 2024-02-16): New York total-price display rule
• California Attorney General, Hidden Fees (SB 478) frequently asked questions (current): California advertised-price guidance for avoidable card fees
• Latham and Watkins, Global Fintech and Digital Assets Blog, Illinois Interchange Fee Law Maxes Out After Permanent Injunction and Legislative Postponement (2026-06-08): Illinois interchange law injunction and July 1, 2027 effective date
• Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, News release 2026-32b (Illinois Interchange Fee Prohibition Act) (2026): Federal regulator position on the Illinois law
• Cooley, District Court Vacates Regulation II's Debit Card Interchange Fee Standard (2025-08-15): Corner Post v. Board of Governors vacatur, stayed pending appeal
• Courthouse News Service, Eighth Circuit presses Federal Reserve on 21-cent debit card fee cap (2026-05-13): Eighth Circuit oral argument and status of the 2023 proposal
• America's Credit Unions, Fed should withdraw debit interchange cap proposal (2025-12): Kentucky ruling and the December 2025 withdrawal request
• Federal Register (govinfo), Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing, proposed rule, 2023-24034 (2023-11-14): The Fed's proposed lower cap
• Bank Policy Institute and other trade groups, Joint Trades Urge Federal Reserve to Withdraw 2023 Regulation II Proposal (2025-12-08): Bank trade groups' withdrawal request
• American Bar Association, Antitrust Law Section, In re Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation (2025): Reported settlement terms
• Visa Inc. (SEC EDGAR), Form 8-K (2025-11-10): Settlement announcement
• America's Credit Unions, Court grants preliminary approval of interchange lawsuit settlement (2026-06): Preliminary approval on June 9, 2026
• Crowdfund Insider, Visa, Mastercard settlement faces merchant pushback in court (2026-09-19): 978 objections filed by September 10, 2026
• PayKings (vendor blog), Visa Mastercard settlement: what merchants need to know in 2026 (2026): Reported November 16, 2026 fairness hearing date (vendor source)
• Yahoo Finance, Court approves Visa-Mastercard settlement (headline) (2026): Shown only as a conflicting headline
• U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census, table EC2281BASIC (2024-12-05): Automotive repair, body and glass/tint establishments and receipts; US, Nevada, Las Vegas
• U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census, table EC1781BASIC (2017 data): 2017 baseline for automotive receipts growth
• U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, table CB2300CBP (2023 data): Automotive establishment size classes, US and Las Vegas
• U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics 2023, table NS2300NONEMP (2023 data): Auto repair businesses without employees
• U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, US file (cbp23us.zip) (2023 data): Plumbing and HVAC, retail, and day spa establishment counts
• U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, state file (cbp23st.zip) (2023 data): Nevada plumbing and HVAC establishments
• U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, county file (cbp23co.zip) (2023 data): Clark County plumbing and HVAC, retail, and day spa establishments
• U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2022, by enterprise receipts size (2025-04-10): Plumbing and HVAC receipts; day spa receipts; retail firms under $1 million
• U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2022, by detailed employment size (2025-04-10): Small-firm share of HVAC and retail receipts; Nevada retail
• U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis via FRED, Personal consumption expenditures: Motor vehicle maintenance and repair (DVMRRC1A027NBEA) (2026-09-30): 2025 consumer spending on vehicle maintenance and repair
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI-U, Motor vehicle maintenance and repair (CUUR0000SETD) (August 2026 data): Repair price inflation
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI-U, All items (CUUR0000SA0) (August 2026 data): All-items inflation comparison
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI-U, Personal care services (CUUR0000SEGC) (August 2026 data): Personal care service price inflation
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics (49-3023), May 2025 (May 2025 data): Technician wages, US and Las Vegas
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, Automotive Body and Related Repairers (49-3021), May 2025 (May 2025 data): Body repairer wages, US and Las Vegas
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS tables, HVAC mechanics and installers (49-9021), May 2025 (May 2025 data): HVAC technician wages, US and Las Vegas
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics via FRED, PPI, Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment (WPU1148) (August 2026 data (preliminary)): HVAC equipment price inflation
• U.S. Census Bureau, NAICS 811122 definition (current): Window tinting is classified with glass replacement
• U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 NAICS Index File (2022): No medical spa entry; day spas index to 812199
• U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Retail E-Commerce Sales, 2nd Quarter 2026 (2026-08-18): E-commerce share of retail sales
• PartsTech and OEC, Shop Stats: the operational numbers behind top shops (2026-04-13): 2026 opt-in survey of repair order bands and labor rates
• PartsTech, 2025 PartsTech Report: State of General Auto Repair Shops in the U.S. (2025-02-06): 2025 opt-in survey of repair order bands
• CarMD via PR Newswire, CarMD reports record check engine repair cost (2026-04-22): Average check-engine repair cost, 2025
• CCC Intelligent Solutions, Crash Course 2026: Complexity Compounds (2026-03-31): 2025 collision repair cost, total loss share, and deductibles
• CCC Intelligent Solutions, What's Driving Your Shop in 2023? (2022-11-04): Dated insurance-paid share estimate and CCC's market size estimate
• IBISWorld, Auto Body Shops in the US (2026): Shown only as one side of the collision market-size conflict
• Automotive Body Parts Association, ABPA Consumer Research Report 2025 (2025-04): How drivers paid for collision repairs
• XPEL via Business Wire, XPEL fourth quarter and full year 2025 results (2026-02-25): XPEL 2025 revenue
• XPEL (SEC EDGAR), Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 (2026-02-27): XPEL revenue mix and independent installer channel
• XPEL Investor Relations, Quarterly results (2026-08): XPEL second quarter 2026 revenue
• ServiceTitan, HVAC replacement cost by state (State of the Trades) (2026-05-18): Average residential HVAC installation invoice on its platform
• Angi, HVAC replacement cost guide (2026-08-03): Cost-guide average HVAC replacement
• Angi, HVAC repair cost guide (2026-08-04): Cost-guide average HVAC repair
• American Med Spa Association, 2024 Medical Spa State of the Industry executive report recap (2024-11-06): Med spa locations, revenue, visit value, and ownership (survey)
• American Med Spa Association, AmSpa's 2024 Medical Spa State of the Industry Report press release (2024-06-10): Survey dates and the CEO's location count
• American Med Spa Association, Med spa statistics (2026): AmSpa's industry revenue headline